It can be found everywhere from the
paddy field, to public relations firms, the marketplace to the managing
director's office - sexual harassment in the Asian workplace is not new.
In the wake of the #MeToo phenomenon and the Weinstein effect,
an open debate about sexual harassment in Asia is taking shape but the
parameters are slightly different.
As with violent crime, sexual
harassment numbers are extremely difficult to estimate because offences
go under-reported. But in 2008 the International Trade Union
Confederation estimated that between 30 - 40% of women workers in the Asia-Pacific region had reported some form of harassment.
Experts agree that figure is now much higher, because more women have entered the workforce in Asia in recent years.
In
most Asian countries, including China, Vietnam and Singapore, the
female labour participation rate is now more than 50%, according to data
from the International Labour Organisation.
That's comparable to
many countries in the West. The glaring outliers of course are India
(27%) and Japan (48%) but the broader trend is clear.
What that
means is that there are now increasing numbers of Asian women working in
factories, uniquely susceptible to being sexually harassed in that
space.
But across the developing world, and particularly in Asia, there
is also an informal economy which sees large numbers of women in roles
like domestic work and part-time farm-hands, all in potentially
vulnerable situations.
Whether it's a farm or fintech, sexual harassment is a brutalising experience.
The International Labour Organisation defines sexual
harassment as "unwelcome and unwanted sexual conduct, that encompasses
physical, verbal or non-verbal acts of a sexual nature which are
offensive to the person being harassed."
For many women working
in factories in Asia, there is rarely an opportunity to complain against
male superiors - because they hold all the cards.
Power struggle
Take Cambodia's garment industry.
Women
account for 85% of the country's workforce and are central to the
success of the garment sector, which makes up a third of Cambodia's
economy. But as a recent study shows they are also the ones being sexually harassed, because they have far less power than their male bosses and managers.
One
woman interviewed in the report says, "This happens to many women but
we don't report it to the factory... They say that if a worker has three
warnings, then they should be fired. But I've never seen that happen at
my factory..."
From the female factory worker in Cambodia, to
high-rise offices in Mumbai, all of the stories I've heard tell you a
similar tale - a younger female, exploited and vulnerable in the face of
a more powerful, senior male.
Dipali Ekobote's first experience
of sexual harassment was in her first job, in India - when her boss and
she went on a trip to another city.
"When we checked into the
hotel, he told me that there was only one room the company could afford
to pay for, so we would have to share a room," she told me. "It shocked
me and I had a tough time fending off his advances on that work trip".
Dipali eventually left the company to do her MBA and has put the experience behind her, but that isn't true for everybody.
Pushed out
Annabelle
(not her real name) was until recently working in a sports
entertainment firm in Singapore where she complained about a senior
colleague making sexual innuendoes inappropriate in a work environment.
Nothing happened. Instead, he was promoted. Soon after that Annabelle quit.
"His
behaviour towards me and other women in the workplace was a major
factor behind my decision to leave," she told me. "What kind of message
does that send to the employees in the firm, not just the women but the
men too? It's totally unacceptable".
Many women, like Annabelle,
who have been victims of sexual harassment and haven't received help
have had no option but to leave their jobs.
In Cambodia, sexual harassment is thought to have
cost the economy some $89m (£66.7m) in lost productivity in 2015,
equivalent to 0.5% of GDP.
But sometimes sexual power games in the office are so subtle, they're hard to pinpoint.
Power
struggles between men and women in hierarchical societies like Korea
and Japan, where workplaces are bound to tightly-held norms, are often
played out in nuanced ways.
Having worked in both the US and
Japan, for American as well as Japanese companies, Nobuko Kobayashi has
often been the only female in the boardroom or at high-powered meetings -
and that's led to some uncomfortable situations.
"The typical work culture at Japanese corporations calls for nomikai - after-hours drinking and 'bonding' sessions with male colleagues and clients," she told me on the line from Tokyo.
"Traditionally after-party places or nijikai
are where female hostesses serve, entertain and beguile the men - so
female colleagues aren't typically welcome. As a woman you would feel
very uncomfortable".
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Asian women often feel too awkward bringing sexual harassment
cases up to their superiors "because they feel they will not be
believed", Anisha Joseph from the Association for Action and Research
(AWARE) in Singapore says.
And there is the issue that men in some
Asian cultures believe that women need to be responsible for the
message they are sending to their male colleagues - a view widely
considered unacceptable - but which activists say have a degree of open
acceptance in Asia.
"A lot of women dress highly inappropriately
for work in some Asian countries," a man told me on the condition of
anonymity. "It's like they're going to a night club. I am not saying
they're asking for it, but it does make the message they're sending hard
to read. And that could lead to misunderstandings".
But others have told me that it may be because some men don't know where the boundaries are.
As
more women enter the workforce in Asia, there is a clash between
"tradition and modernity", observes Sudhir Vadaketh, a Singapore-based
writer and commentator.
"Within Asia there are such diverse
levels of sophistication and exposure," he told me. "Sometimes men from
reserved societies are coming into contact with women who are more
gregarious and modern in their dressing. These men completely
misinterpret friendly office banter and think their female colleagues
are flirting with them".
Finding a voice
Still, the focus on sexual harassment has meant that some Asian women are finding it easier to speak out.
In
India for instance, which has seen some of the worst and most brutal
cases of rape, assault and violent crime against women, women are taking
to social media to shame sexual harassers.
But for now it is
only a certain class of women that can speak out, because of their
access to education and their ability to engage on social media.
Fundamentally
though, the reason so many Asian women face sexual harassment in the
workplace and elsewhere, is because of one simple reason - because they
are women, as this study from the UN points out.
Despite
more women entering the workforce in Asia, the power dynamic still
clearly favours men - and that means "women are vulnerable to harassment
because they lack similar power, lack self-confidence and...suffer in
silence".
Sexual harassment is also often used as a "tool to discourage women who may be seen to be competing for power", the study adds.
The
UN report was written more than a decade ago yet still holds true today
- a reflection of just how marginal the progress has been in ensuring
the safety of women in the workplace in Asia.
AWARE's Anisha Joseph says Asian governments can do more to ensure businesses make workplaces safer for women.
"Currently
in many countries, including Singapore, there are only recommendations
in place," she told me, "Governments need to make this a priority".
Source : http://www.bbc.com/
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